The Old European Derived Model Of The American University

Although the present role of higher education is hotly contested, its origins aren’t. Higher education in the US was created as a way to maintain class distinctions. The old European derived model of the American university was not the center of liberal intellectual curiosity it has evolved to today, but rather a religious haven for students of wealthy families who attended in order to become clergymen. Though the religious presence at these institutions has largely diminished, the overwhelming presence of students of primarily wealthy backgrounds remains. Only recently have colleges, with little avail, attempted to reverse this trend. Non-profit colleges, including two year, four year public, and private colleges are still, on average†¦show more content†¦Despite fluctuations, the funds that are invested, not including donations, have generally been been on track for nearly 4% increases every year since 2000 and accounting for the losses during 2009. Endowment funds, on average, are showing returns beyond the incremental increases in operational costs, yet there seems to be no signs of increasing affordability within these institutions. This points to a clear lack of intention of these institutions to allow the expansion of socioeconomic diversity within these universities. However, statistics still indicate that socioeconomic mobility is facilitated by the presence of these institutions. Most of the movement between classes happens between the middle and upper class. In addition to minimal representation in these institutions, lower income students find little to no opportunities for socioeconomic movement. In fact, 65% of the bottom two fifths income stay in the bottom two fifths. The structure of the college financing system is a root of the suppression of socioeconomic equality, College financing is divided primarily into three options, aside from parental funding. 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Self Concept And Academic Success - 1657 Words

One of the most persistent and puzzling questions today is the one confronting parents and teachers which deals with the debate over uneven academic achievement among equally able and qualified students. The topic of self-concept and academic success is one that has been studied by many well-known phycologists across the world and leads to many different hypothesis and theories on the subjects influence. Once there is solid understanding of one’s self-concept can he or she essentially write their own future with nothing but positive outcomes. I would like to discuss three main points of interests related to the subject at hand and evaluate the experimental findings and the overall results that can be drawn from these researched†¦show more content†¦This research was conducted to identify the correlation between students’ academic success and the roles of which are associated with this achievement. The study was aimed to determined weather or not the evidence ga thered would be enough to warrant any preemptive measures that should be put into action as to assure the success of all future students embarking upon any level of education. â€Å"Our studies indicate that not only does the impact of positive self-concept bolsters a student’s positive outlook but has a direct correlation to an increase in test scores and the students overall GPA.†(Price, D) Its evident a positive outlook leads to positive notions so why doesn’t everyone hold the same outlook. As discussed in the article it’s quite difficult to change someone’s mind who wishes not to be changed, however it is quite possible to coax someone into a belief they have no desire to uphold. This becomes apparent in our everyday lives as we are bombarded with messages and ads dictating to buy this and drink that, which we in turn we succumb to even though with our original intentions these thoughts had yet to cross our minds. Researches figure the same ma y be able to be done to students in order to achieve higher school standards

Operations Manager Apple and Vodafone

Question: Discuss about the Operations Manager for Apple and Vodafone. Answer: Introduction Customer benefit is an important concept for any business. One fact that needs to be noted is that is customers are the source of profitability and growth for any business. Customer benefit is the value of the product that is beneficial to customer and refers to the elements and attributes of a product that gives something in value to a customer (Cina 2013). These benefits vary in magnitude and size and depend on the type of a product. Customer benefit is the yardstick and is directly correlation to customer satisfaction. The benefits provided by a product affect the customer buying behaviour. Customer benefit package of a product determines the success, profitability and the growth of a company. A customer will prefer those product that will provide them maximum benefit and utility. In such circumstances, it will become important and critical that the product is beneficial to a customer. This differentiates a successful and reputed company from a small and unsuccessful company. It reflects the ability of the company to understand the need and preference of the customers. The report is prepared on telecommunication industry using Apple I Phone and Vodafone. It will conduct a comparative study between these companies. Apple Apple is a reputed American multination telecommunication company that deals in variety of products. The company is one of the leading names in the telecommunication industry. The company provides great utility and satisfaction to the customers and has earned a brand name in the process. Relatively good product portfolio and innovative technology of the company have made the company a trendsetter and a household name. The company enjoys a good profitability level and good brand loyalty. The company has a strong brand name and provides effective customer benefit scheme that makes the company have string customer base (Nolan, Mitchell and Doyle-Baker 2014). Customer benefit package of Apple Benefit Value given by customers Quality product 10 Innovative Features 9 Product portfolio 7 After sales service 7 One careful analysis, one can see that there various benefits that is provided to the customers and this reason makes the Apple a successful company and a household name. One of the major benefits that the company provides is the quality of the product. If it is evaluated, then it can be seen that the company has comparative advantage in terms of product value. The company incorporates innovative features in the product and makes sure that the product provide great amount of utility to the customers. The attractive and innovative features of the product are a contributing reason for the high demand of the companys products. Another factor that contributes to the success of the company is the good product portfolio of the company. It is known that Apple offers various products to the customers. The customer can depend on the quality of the product and the value that a product provides to a company. The brand value also encourages the consumers to purchase Apple products. The customers derive major benefit from this fact. Online communication is possible through official website of Apple. The online channel provides the customers convenience in terms of purchasing and the choice that is available to them. Apple also provides customer benefit in terms of after sales service to the customers. The research and development team of Apple are efficient and cater to the needs and requirements of the customers. Vodafone Vodafone is a famous British telecommunication multinational company and its headquarter is situated in London. The company enjoys good reputation and has a good profitability index. It has a strong customer base. The company offers various benefits to the customer and its operation is majorly customer oriented. It conducts deep and intricate study on the customer taste and preference. This helps the company to cater to the needs and preferences of the company. Customer benefit package of Vodafone Benefits Customer Value Brand Value 10 Exclusive offers 9 Broadband connection 9 Convenient payment method 8 Efficient top up method 8 Quality Service 10 Vodafone is a British Multinational Company that is situated in London. It has a customer oriented approach and offers various benefits to the customers (Nalwaya, N. and Vyas, R., 2014).The customer benefit package include attractive and exclusive offers that are given to the customers. The broadband connection of Vodafone and provides great speed and internet connectivity to the customers. The Company puts a great stress on brand value and it enjoys the various benefits that it gets from brand recognition. The effective payment methods and top up methods are a source of boon to the customers. Customers do not have to stand in queue and can effectively pay online. The top up systems of the company is highly innovative and efficient for the company. The Company is based on customer satisfaction and thus, it embarks on the point that the customers get maximum benefit from the company. The customer care service is highly efficient and understanding. A very professional approach is taken to escalate the issues of the customers. The issues and concerns of the customers are heard and attended by the customer care officials. The queries of the customers are effectively answered by the officials. Thus, these are the customer benefit package provided to the customers. Comparison of customer benefit package between Apple and Vodafone One comparing the customer benefit package between Apple and Vodafone, one can see striking similarities and differences. Both the company enjoy good brand image and enjoys brand loyalty. On comparing the customer benefit package between the two companies, one can see the difference in the quality service and after sales service. The prices of the services of Vodafone are high. The reason behind this fact is that the quality of the services of it is supreme and provides quality services to the customers. On the other hand Apple offers major benefits to the customer by providing quality product. The company employs innovative features to its products strategies to encourage customers to buy more products and consequently increases the demand s of the product. The company has diverse product portfolio and offers different type of products to the customers (Kraus, K. and Strmsten, T., 2016). The innovative strategies of apple are comparatively high compared to Vodafone. Value Chain Design of Apple (Bergvall-Kreborn and Howcroft 2013) The value chain design of Apple is highly integrated and systematic. There is major stress on brand concept and for improving the brand image of the company. There is substantial amount of attention given on the product design of the company. Research and development is another important element of the company (Bergvall-Kreborn and Howcroft 2013). The human resource management stresses on the need of employee motivation. The employees are encouraged to participate in the decision making process. The feedback of the employees is regarded. The incentive and remuneration system is properly arranged and fixed to increase the morale of the employees. Proper training programs are made for the employees. The company has strong cash positions (Hollensen 2015). The IT element is linked with the supply chain. There is instant availability and access to sales information of all the stores due to high level of technology. Patent filing is another technological advancement of the company. The company has cross border relationship with China. There is proper contact and positive relationship with suppliers. The in-bound logistics of the company is highly integrated and linked with the distribution (Melnyk, Narasimha and DeCampos 2014). There are automated receiving systems in the in-bound logistics. It delegates raw materials acquisition. The outbound logistics is very efficient and effective. There is direct shipment. There is effective conceptualization of the product. Good quality of the product is also an element of effective value chain design. Environmental conservation practices are encouraged and customer service is major element of the value chain design. Flaws in the value chain of Apple Flaw in the value chain design is the high price in comparison to the rivals. The company needs to improvise in this field. Value Chain Design of Vodafone (Menguc, Auh and Yannopoulos 2014) The value chain design is integrated and efficient. The company banks on the brand image that it enjoys and has strong customer loyalty. The customer is luxurious and offers premium quality services to the public. The human resource management plays vital role in the value chain design of the company. Attractive and good remuneration package is provided to the employees and the staffs are effectively trained that allow them to provide high quality service to the customers. Technology has a major role in the value chain design of the company. 4G connection is one of the major results of technological advancement of the company. The company has good online payment schemes and effective top cup schemes. The company has improved broadband connection and uses good promotional activity. Social media is one of the major advertisement platforms for the company. It maintains good public relations and provides premium quality service. Good promotional activities and updated public relations are highlighting factors of the company (Kraus, K. and Strmsten, T., 2016). Flaws in value chain design of Vodafone There are certain flaws in the value design of Vodafone. High price is the major flaw in the value chain design. The high price of the service is the major flaw in the value chain design of the company. Comparison of value chain both the companies Both the companies are global giants and work in the same industry. Both the companies stress on customer satisfaction and profit. However, Apple needs to focus on reducing price, while Vodafone needs to stress on price reduction (Yue, Rao and Ingram 2013). Operational Strategy of Apple The mission of Apple is to help the company gain competitive advantage through improved product features and customer satisfaction and good profitability index. The company stresses on heavy research and development strategy to improve the innovative features to the public. The company focuses on quality goods and unique design of goods. The company focuses on efficient leadership by managing inventories and minimizing stock outs. The company invests in technology to improve the online channel. The company focuses on strategic relationship with suppliers. Quality management is one of the major attentions given by the company. The company also focuses on human resource and employs the correct person for the correct person so that the company can reap the benefit (Holweg and Helo 2014). The company focuses in inventory management and supply chain management so that the stocks are maintained and the company can expand and grow in the process. The focus of the company is product, customer satisfaction and operational activity and technology. Operational strategy of Vodafone The operational strategy of Vodafone is to improvise business so that it can provide customer satisfaction. The company intends on improvising on pricing strategy. The company wants to improvise the pricing strategy by introducing new offers at low prices. The company intends on improvising the brand value (Nalwaya and Vyas 2014). The company depends on quality management. The company makes a conscious effort on improving the brand value of the company. Effective service and cost leadership are two major focus of operation of the company (Proctor 2013). The focus of the company is customer, operation, finance and innovation. The company wants to maximize profit and reduce costs. Conclusion It can be seen that customer benefit package is an important element and both the companies lay stress on product value and the benefit that a product provides to a customer. The customer benefit package depicts the fact price, quality, after sales service, brand value and reliability are some of the benefits that the company provides to the customers. The value chain design also depicts the success factor of the company. The operational strategy depicts customer oriented approach and strategies adopted focus on customer, profitability and innovation by both the companies. Reference List Bergvall-Kreborn, B. and Howcroft, D., 2013. The futures bright, the futures mobile: a study of Apple and Google mobile application developers.Work, Employment Society, p.09 Chen, W., Kucukyazici, B., Verter, V. and Senz, M.J., 2015. Supply chain design for unlocking the value of remanufacturing under uncertainty.European Journal of Operational Research,247(3), pp.804-819. Cina, C., 2013. Creating an effective customer satisfaction program.Journal of Consumer Marketing. Claycomb, C. and Martin, C.L., 2013. Building customer relationships: an inventory of service providers objectives and practices.Journal of Services Marketing. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Holweg, M. and Helo, P., 2014. Defining value chain architectures: Linking strategic value creation to operational supply chain design.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.230-238. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015.Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kraus, K. and Strmsten, T., 2016. Internal/inter-firm control dynamics and powerA case study of the Ericsson-Vodafone relationship.Management Accounting Research. Kundu, A., 2013, December. Specific Absorption Rate evaluation in apple exposed to RF radiation from GSM mobile towers. InApplied Electromagnetics Conference (AEMC), 2013 IEEE(pp. 1-2). IEEE. Melnyk, S.A., Narasimhan, R. and DeCampos, H.A., 2014. Supply chain design: issues, challenges, frameworks and solutions.International Journal of Production Research,52(7), pp.1887-1896. Menguc, B., Auh, S. and Yannopoulos, P., 2014. Customer and supplier involvement in design: The moderating role of incremental and radical innovation capability.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(2), pp.313-328. Nalwaya, N. and Vyas, R., 2014. Merger and Acquisition in the Telecom Industry: An Analysis of Financial Performance of Vodafone Plc and Hutchison Essar.Journal of Marketing Communication,9(3), pp.67-73. Nolan, M., Mitchell, J.R. and Doyle-Baker, P.K., 2014. Validity of the Apple iPhone/iPod Touch as an accelerometer-based physical activity monitor: a proof-of-concept study.Journal of physical activity health,11(4). Proctor, T., 2013. Internal marketing and its basis for sound customer relationship management.Journal of Management Marketing in Healthcare. Simatupang, T.M., Piboonrungroj, P. and Williams, S.J., 2014. The Emergence of Value Chain Thinking.Proceedings of T-LOG. Weill, P. and Woerner, S.L., 2013. Optimizing your digital business model.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(3), p.71. Yue, L.Q., Rao, H. and Ingram, P., 2013. Information spillovers from protests against corporations a tale of Walmart and target.Administrative Science Quarterly,58(4), pp.669-701.

The Factors That Influence Travel Decision Making Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Factors That Influence Travel Decision Making Tourism Essay Essay This chapter consists of three parts. First is debut, following is literature reappraisals that review the critical points of old researches including substantial determination every bit good as theoretical and methodological parts to this similar subject. Last, a decision to this chapter. Research in the country of travel motivations is of import in understanding and foretelling the factors that influence travel decision-making ( Cha, S. , McCleary, K.W. and Uysal, M. , 1995 ) . Motivation is theoretically viewed as a province of demand, a status that serves as a driving force to expose different sorts of behavior toward certain types of activities, developing penchants, geting at some expected satisfactory result. ( Backman, K.F. Backman, S.J. , Uysal, M. and Sunshine, K.M.,1995 ) In peculiar, an apprehension of motive aid sellers attempts to accomplish and fulfill persons diverse desires and demands, cardinal elements that influence the procedure of travellers decision-making ( Crompton, J.L. and McKay S.L.,1997 ) . Surveies of motive therefore provide to foretell traveller s personal demands, outlooks, accomplishments, or benefits sought ( Formica, S. and Uysal, M.,1998 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Factors That Influence Travel Decision Making Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Factors That Influence Travel Decision Making Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Factors That Influence Travel Decision Making Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A brief reappraisal of travel motive research ( Table 1 ) published in three major touristry diaries Annalss of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, and Journal of Travel Research revealed that bing surveies have covered a broad scope of the spectrum, there are included the sociology of travel motive as a stimulator of existent behaviour ( Dann 1977 ; Mansfeld 1992 ) ; travel motive of different niche markets ( Clift and Forrest 1999 ; Dunn Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991 ; Hsu, Cai, and Wong 2007 ; Maoz 2007 ; Qu and Ping 1999 ; Rittichainuwat 2008 ) ; the development or empirical trial of travel motive measurings ( Crompton 1979 ; Dann 1981 ; Fodness 1994 ; Ryan and Glendon 1998 ) ; differences in motive among tourers with varied nationality and cultural backgrounds ( Kim and Prideaux 2005 ; Maoz 2007 ) , figure of visits ( Lau and McKercher 2004 ) , finishs and beginnings ( Kozak 2002 ) , sociodemographic feature ( Jang and Wu 2006 ; Fleischer and Pizam 2002 ) , or environmental attitu de ( Luo and Deng 2008 ) . Writers Survey Dann 1977 A sociological survey of travel motive, with a focal point on the push dimension of motive. Crompton 1979 The motive for pleasance holiday. Seven motive factors were identified through interviews. Dann 1981 Based on a literature reappraisal on travel motive, seven attacks of motive survey were identified. The use of different nomenclatures was besides discussed Dunn Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991 Motivation of sightseeing tourers in relation to their satisfaction Mansfeld 1992 The function of motive in travel behaviour and its complex nature Paul 1992 Travel motive of Canadian ecotourists Parrinello 1993 Relationship between expectancy and motive in postindustrial societies in the context of Western Europe Fodness 1994 A measurement graduated table was developed for leisure travel with 20 points. Lieux, weaver ; and McCleary 1994 Benefit cleavage of senior tourers from the United States Gnoth 1997 Development of theoretical theoretical account on motive and outlook formation Formica and Uysal 1998 Benefit cleavage of visitants to a cultural-historical event in Italy Ryan and Glendon 1998 The Leisure Motivation Scale was applied to tourism with British tourists. An brief version of holiday motive graduated table with 14 points was developed. Waller and Lea 1998 Relationship between genuineness seeking and enjoyment. The cognition dimension of motive was found to intercede this relationship. Clift and Forrest 1999 The motive of cheery work forces in relation to the type of finishs they preferred in the context of the United Kingdom Qu and Ping 1999 Motivation of sail choice in the context of Hong Kong Goossens 2000 The function of emotional constituent of travel motive in exciting existent travel behaviour Fleischer and Pizam 2002 Relationship between motive and Israeli senior travellers income and wellness Kozak 2002 Differences of motive among tourers sing different finishs and tourer from different states sing same finish with respondents from the United Kingdom and Germany Sirakaya, Uysal, and Yoshioka 2003 Benefits cleavage of Nipponese tourers to Turkey Lau and McKercher Differences of travel motive between first-time and repeat visitants to Hong Kong Kim and Prideaux 2005 A cross-cultural analysis on travel motive to South Korea among five national tourer groups Pearce and Lee 2005 Further development of the Travel Career Ladder by presenting Travel Career Pattern ( TCP ) . The relationship between old experience and motive was explored by TCP. Yoon and Uysal 2005 Causal relationship between push-pull motives, satisfaction, and finish trueness. Pull factors were found to negatively act upon satisfaction. Jang and Wu 2006 Influences of sociodemographic factors, economic position, wellness position, and positive and negative effects on travel motive among Chinese seniors Chang, wall, and Chu 2006 Benefits cleavage utilizing the freshness seeking graduated table in the context of Chinese tourers to Aboriginal attractive forces Nicolau and Mas 2006 Influences of travel distance and monetary value on finish choice, with travel motive as a moderator in the context of Spain Poria, Reichel, and Biran 2006 Relationship between perceptual experience of heritage as it is related to the tourers ain heritage and motive explored before the trip Snerpenger et Al. 2006 Tourists and recreationist were comparing utilizing Iso-Ahola s motive theory. The relationship between motive and old holidaies was investigated. Swanson and Horridge 2006 Causal relationship between keepsake shopping and four motivational factors in the context of Southwestern United States Beh and Bruyere 2007 Benefits cleavage in the context of Kenya Hsu, Cai, and Wong 2007 A theoretical theoretical account of senior travel motive in the context of China Maoz 2007 Travel motive of Israeli backpackers, investigated in relation to national and cultural features Luo and Deng 2008 Relationship between environmental attitude and nature-based touristry motive Rittichainuwat 2008 Travel motive to a touristry finish, utilizing the disaster-hit beach resort in Phuket as an illustration. Comparison was made between domestic and inward tourers, and between tourers of different ages and genders. Park and Yoon 2009 Benefit cleavage of rural touristry in the context of South Korea Table1. Brief Summary of Studies on Travel Motivation ( Adopted from Cathy H.C. Hsu, Liping A. Cai and Mimi Li, 2009 ) Many research workers from different Fieldss such as from sociology, anthropology, and psychological science have investigated travel motive since many old ages ago ( Cohen, 1972 ; Dann, 1977 ; Crompton, 1979 ; Gnoth, 1997 ) . Maslow s hierarchal theory of motive was one of the most applied in touristry literature ( 1970 ) and it was model as a pyramid whose base consists of the physiological demands, followed by higher degrees of psychological demands and the demand for self-actualization. Numerous touristry bookmans have attempted to modify the theoretical account through empirical observation, with the noteworthy success by Pearce ( 1982 ) , who projected a touristry motive theoretical account that mirrors the theoretical account of Maslow, but free of predominance premise. Carry throughing Prestige Push Seeking Relaxation Factors Sightsing Assortment Deriving Knowledge Events and Activities Pull Adventure Factors History and Culture Easy Access and Affordable A reappraisal of past researches on tourer motive indicates that the analysis of motives based on the two dimensions of push and pull factors have been by and large accepted ( Yuan A ; McDonald, 1990 ; Uysal A ; Hagan, 1993 ) . The construct behind push and pull dimension is that people travel because they are pushed by their ain inner forces and pulled by the outer forces of finish properties. Most of the push factors that are origin-related are intangible or intrinsic desires of the single travellers. Pull factors, frailty versa, are those that emerge because of the attraction of that peculiar finish, as the travellers perceive it. They include touchable resources and travellers perceptual experience and outlook such as benefit outlook, freshness and marketed image of the finish. A research theoretical account is so developing based on this theory at below diagram ( adapted from Baloglu A ; Uysal, 1996 ) . Travel Motivation Crompton ( 1979 ) foremost sought to pull seven socio-psychological, or push motivations such as flight, self-exploratory, relaxation, prestigiousness, arrested development, kinship-enhancement, and societal interaction ) and two cultural, or draw motivations that are novelty and instruction. The conceptual model that he developed would giving impact the choice of a finish, and this attack implies that the finish can hold some grade of influence on holiday behaviour in run intoing an aroused demand. As Crompton s initial empirical attempt, many surveies have attempted to acknowledge push and pull motivational factors in different scenes such as nationalities, finishs and events ( Jang and Wu, 2006 ) . Example integrated Yuan and McDonald s ( 1990 ) survey on motives for abroad travel from four states: Japan, France, West Germany and UK. While Uysal and Jurowski ( 1993 ) studied, the nature and extent of the mutual relationship between push and pull factors of motives for pleasance travel with utilizing informations from the Canadian Tourism Attribute and Motivation Survey. Another survey in Australia examined the nature and utility of the relationship between these two factors of motive by using canonical correlativity analysis ( Oh, H. , M. , A ; Uysal, P. Weaver, 1995 ) . Baloglu and Uysal ( 1996 ) claimed that the construct of merchandise packages is used to mention to the sensed significance of the interaction between push and pull points of motive. This implies that certain grounds for travel may match to certain benefits that are to be valued and obtained at the finish topographic point. Based on the intrinsic and extrinsic motives, as discussed above, the single tourer physiques their perceptual experiences, and the perceptual experiences can be differ from the true properties of the merchandise depending on how the single receives and procedure information ( Gartner, 1993 ; Dann, 1996 ; Baloglu and Brinberg, 1997 ) . A general decision can be drawn that the personal motivations or called push motivations and the position of the features of the touristry finish ( pull motivations ) determine perceptual experiences. These motivations interact in dynamic and germinating context ( Correia, 2000 ) , and the tourer motive is seen as a multidimensional construct that indicates tourist determination ( McCabe, 2000 ) . As touristry paradigm is related to human existences and human nature, it is ever a complex proposition to analyze why people travel and what they want to bask ( Yoon and Uysal, 2005 ) . In most surveies, it is by and large accepted that push and pull motives have been chiefly utilized in surveies of tourer behaviour. The finds and issues doubtless play a usage function in trying to understand a broad different of demands and wants that can drive and act upon tourer behaviour. Nevertheless, Yoon and Uysal ( 2005 ) said that the consequences and effects of the motive surveies of tourer behaviour need more than an apprehension of their demands and wants. In touristry finish direction, it was by and large agree that maximising travel satisfaction is important for a successful concern. The rating of the physical merchandises of finish every bit good as the psychological reading of a finish merchandise are of import for human actions ( Swan and Comb, 1976 ; Uysal and Noe, 2003 ) , which could be farther represented as a travel satisfaction and finish fidelity. Both constructs can be examined within the context of a touristry system stand foring two major constituents of the market topographic point, viz. , demand ( tourer ) and supply ( touristry attractive forces ) which demand refers to motivations ( push factors ) that sustain tourers desire while lissome relates to finish s features ( pull factors ) ( Jurowski et al. , 1996 ) . Push and pull factors have by and large been characterized to two separate determinations made at two separate period in clip one focussing on whether to travel, the other on where to travel. For case, Dann ( 1981 ) noted that once the trip has been decided upon, where to travel, what to see or what to make ( associating to the specific finishs ) can be tackled and this make a conclude that, analytically, both logically and temporally, push factors precede pull factor . Although these two factors has been viewed as associating to two distinguishable determinations, several research workers have distinguished that they should non be viewed as operating wholly independent of each other s. For illustration, it has suggested that people travel because they are pushed by their ain intrinsic forces and at the same time pulled by the extrinsic forces such as the finish and its properties ( Cha, McCleary, and Uysal 1995 ; Uysal and Jurowskil, 1994 ) . However, Crompton ( 1979 ) argued, push factors may be utile non merely in explicating the initial rousing, stimulating, or push ; to take a holiday, but may besides hold directing potency to direct the tourer toward a peculiar finish ( p.412 ) . Several empirical scrutinies of push and pull factors had been reported in the travel and touristry literature. Of the anterior research that examined the pupils and/or spring interruption travel market ( Butts, F.B. , J. Salazar, K. Sapio, and D. Thomas, 1996 ; Field, 1999 ; Hobson and Josiam, 1992,1996 ; Hsu and Sung, 1996,1997 ; Sirakaya and McLellan, 1997 ) , there have been no probes of push forces and merely a smattering of efforts to analyze the pull factors act uponing pupils finish pick determination. In another survey, conducted by Hobson and Josiam ( 1992 ) , pupils were asked to name their primary ground for taking a spring interruption finish and most responses referred to the influence of friends and/or household populating near or traveling to the finish, other grounds referred to destination-related properties such as the finish holding s spring interruption party repute, warm conditions, low-cost pricing, quiet environment, good skiing, or good beaches.